Final answer:
The main cause of vitiligo is believed to be an autoimmune reaction that destroys melanocytes, leading to a loss of skin pigmentation in patches.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Vitiligo
The main cause of vitiligo, which presents as depigmentation or hypo-pigmentation spots on the skin, is thought to be related to an autoimmune response where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the melanocytes in the skin. These melanocytes are cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Without melanin, patches of skin lose color and appear lighter, as described in Figure 5.10 showing individuals with vitiligo. This condition is especially noticeable on darker skin. Vitiligo does not directly affect longevity, but it can cause significant emotional and psychological distress.
Melanin plays a crucial role in protecting the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation, which is why those with vitiligo, as well as individuals with albinism which is a genetic disorder marked by a total or partial lack of melanin production, might need more protection from the sun.