Final answer:
Restrictive lung diseases typically include interstitial lung disease, a condition characterized by decreased lung compliance and stiffer lung tissue. Asthma and COPD are examples of obstructive diseases, leading to obstructed airflow and air trapping. Pneumonia is an infectious disease, not typically classified as restrictive or obstructive.
Step-by-step explanation:
Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by a decrease in lung compliance, meaning the lung tissue and chest wall are stiffer and harder to expand. Interstitial lung disease is a key example of a restrictive lung disease. Conditions such as respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis fall into this category. These diseases lead to increased intrapleural pressure and air trapping in the lungs after exhalation. In contrast, obstructive lung diseases like asthma and COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), which includes conditions like emphysema, result in increased lung compliance due to the breakdown of alveolar walls leading to trapped air post-exhalation.
Restrictive diseases lead to a reduced functional vital capacity (FVC), making it difficult for the patient to exhale completely. Obstructive diseases, on the other hand, cause increased airway occlusion and inflammation, resulting in obstructed airflow and the trapping of large air volumes in the lungs.
Pneumonia does not fall strictly under the restrictive or obstructive categories; it is an infectious disease causing inflammation and fluid-filled alveoli, impacting gas exchange. Hence, out of the options provided, interstitial lung disease is the typical example of a restrictive lung disease.