Final answer:
The mountain ranges near the Byzantine Empire included the Taurus Mountains, Balkan Mountains, and Caucasus Mountains.
Step-by-step explanation:
The mountain ranges near the Byzantine Empire varied depending on the time period and the specific borders of the empire. However, some notable mountain ranges that were close to the empire include:
- Taurus Mountains: Located in present-day Turkey, the Taurus Mountains formed a natural barrier between the Byzantine Empire and the central Anatolian Plateau.
- Balkan Mountains: Situated in the southeastern part of Europe, the Balkan Mountains served as a geographical boundary between the Byzantine Empire and its neighboring regions.
- Caucasus Mountains: Found along the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire, the Caucasus Mountains acted as a natural barrier between the empire and the regions to the east.