Final answer:
The assessment of breathing includes evaluation of respiratory rate and effort, chest expansion in air movement, lung and airway sounds, and O₂ saturation. Option e is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The assessment of breathing includes evaluation of:
- Respiratory rate and effort: The number of breaths per minute and the ease with which a person is able to breathe.
- Chest expansion in air movement: Observing the movement of the chest and ribcage during inhalation and exhalation.
- Lung and airway sounds: Listening for abnormal sounds such as wheezing, crackles, or stridor.
- O₂ saturation: Measurement of the level of oxygen in the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is e) All of the above.