Final answer:
Glycolysis requires NAD+ electron carriers and can proceed without oxygen, functional mitochondria, or the electron transport chain. It produces energy through the conversion of NAD+ to NADH, which must be recycled back to NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.
Step-by-step explanation:
Glycolysis requires NAD+ electron carriers. It is an anaerobic process, meaning it does not need oxygen to proceed and is able to occur in the absence of functional mitochondria and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis generates pyruvate, which can be utilized in the citric acid cycle if oxygen is present; otherwise, fermentation occurs to regenerate NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP.
The correct answer to the question "Glycolysis requires:" is A) NAD+ electron carriers. This is because the continuation of glycolysis depends on the availability of NAD+, which gets reduced to NADH during the process. To maintain glycolysis, NADH must be re-oxidized to NAD+ either through aerobic respiration using oxygen or by fermentation in anoxic conditions.