Final answer:
Commanders have authority over their subordinates to enforce discipline but must comply with military regulations and not abuse their power. Historical context shows the importance of properly maintained military order and the consequences of insubordination, as with the case of General MacArthur. The President, as Commander in Chief, holds ultimate military authority, within the bounds of law.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question is regarding whether commanders can direct subordinates to take specific disciplinary actions or limit the disciplinary authority of their subordinates. Under military law and the chain of command, commanders hold significant authority over their subordinates, which includes issuing orders and enforcing discipline within their ranks. However, this authority is not without limits. Commanders must adhere to military regulations and the principles of military justice when determining disciplinary measures. They should not issue orders that would cause subordinates to act illegally or unjustly, nor should they unnecessarily restrict the disciplinary authority of their subordinates, as such actions could undermine the effectiveness and morale of the military organization.
Discipline and order within the military are critical, as emphasized in the reflections on history and military philosophy. For instance, as per the provided references, if discipline is strictly enforced during training, an army will be well-disciplined. Mutual confidence between a general and their soldiers, coupled with an insistence on obedience, is beneficial. However, there are consequences when officers act insubordinately or when there is a failure to adapt to changing circumstances. The historical example demonstrates that when a general such as Douglas MacArthur took nearly insubordinate actions, despite popular support, it led to a conflict with President Truman and eventual relief of command to maintain civilian control of the military, illustrating a balance that must be maintained in military discipline.
Moreover, the U.S. Constitution grants the President the role of Commander in Chief, which allows for the ultimate authority over military decisions, although this power is also subject to legal limitations and the checks and balances of the U.S. system of government.