Final answer:
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is used as a genetic marker for Mongolian derivation and anthropological studies. It helps in understanding the immune response and genetic anthropology through the evaluation of genetic diversity and historical pathogen exposure.
Step-by-step explanation:
The antigen that is commonly used as a genetic marker for Mongolian derivation and anthropological studies is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. This system consists of a large number of genes responsible for the regulation of the immune response, and the genetic diversity within HLA can be utilized for tracking human migration, evolutionary relationships, and the historical interaction with pathogens, such as Yersinia pestis, which caused plague outbreaks.
For instance, certain HLA types are more prevalent in populations with a history of exposure to specific diseases, indicating a potential selective pressure from said diseases. In the context of studying Mongolian and related populations, specific HLA alleles might appear with higher frequency, suggesting a common genetic heritage and providing clues about past migratory and interaction events.
Genetic anthropology marries DNA analysis with archaeological and historical data to reveal insightful patterns. Coupled with the study of other genetic markers, the HLA system offers a rich resource for understanding genetic anthropology and the historical movements of the Mongolian and other Asiatic peoples.