Final answer:
Turbidity in urine may be caused by the presence of mucus, microbes, crystals, or blood cells, with each indicating various possible medical conditions. Options b, c, d and e are correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The substances that might cause a urine sample to appear turbid include mucus, microbes, crystals, and blood cells. Water is not typically a cause of turbidity in urine. Turbidity, or cloudiness, in urine can be indicative of various medical conditions. For instance, the presence of mucus may suggest an inflammatory process.
Microbes in the urine often point to a urinary tract infection, which may also be indicated by the presence of white blood cells causing cloudiness. Crystals in urine can result for reasons such as kidney stones or other metabolic conditions, and blood cells may signal a range of issues from infection to trauma or even cancer.
When assessing for other characteristics in the urine, such as the presence of white blood cells, this could suggest an underlying infection or inflammation in the urinary tract. While both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus can result in large volumes of urine being produced, they would differ in other aspects such as the presence of glucose or ketones which may give a fruity odor to the urine in the case of diabetes mellitus.
In contrast, diabetes insipidus urine is usually very dilute and lacks the high glucose content.