Final answer:
Mandates and conditions-of-aid are related to intergovernmental grants in achieving national objectives. Mandates impose federal requirements on state and local authorities, while conditions-of-aid dictate terms for qualifying financial assistance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mandates and conditions-of-aid are both related to the involvement of state and local governments in achieving national objectives through intergovernmental grants. Mandates refer to federal requirements imposed on state and local authorities, often without providing full compensation for their implementation costs. These mandates are backed by penalties for non-compliance. On the other hand, conditions-of-aid dictate the terms and conditions that state governments must meet in order to qualify for financial assistance in a specific policy area. They are a way for the federal government to influence the actions of state and local governments by offering incentives or penalties.