Answer: The correct answer is d) process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins. Gene expression is essential for the proper functioning and development of cells and organisms.
Step-by-step explanation:
Gene expression refers to the process by which the information encoded in genes is used to create functional products, such as proteins. Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building specific proteins. However, not all genes are active or expressed at all times.
The process of gene expression involves multiple steps. First, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed into a complementary RNA molecule in a process called transcription. This RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information from the gene to the protein-making machinery of the cell.
Next, the mRNA molecule is translated into a sequence of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This translation process occurs at the ribosomes in the cell and involves matching the sequence of mRNA codons (three-letter codes) with specific amino acids.
Once the protein is synthesized, it can perform its specific function in the cell. Proteins are involved in a wide range of processes, including enzyme activity, cell signaling, structural support, and immune response, among others.