Final answer:
Command and friendship groups are considered relatively permanent, with command groups maintaining consistent roles within an organization and friendship groups consisting of long-term, emotional connections. Both types of groups play pivotal roles in defining our self-perception and social behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
Of the given group pairings, command and friendship groups are considered relatively permanent. Command groups are formed within organizational and work contexts with clear, established hierarchies and defined roles that are consistent over time. These are akin to the secondary groups defined by sociologist Charles Horton Cooley as being larger, goal-oriented, and relatively stable. Friendship groups are examples of primary groups, characterized by close, emotional, and long-term bonds, which also tend to be relatively stable, even though we may not physically see our friends as often in today's global society.
A reference group is one whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one’s own behavior. Primary groups, such as families and close friends, serve emotional needs and have significant impact on our socialization. Secondary groups are often larger, impersonal, task-focused, and serve instrumental functions. Understanding these group dynamics is crucial, as these groups largely define how we see ourselves and can influence both inclusion and exclusion within the social context.