Final answer:
Expectancy theory states that individuals will choose their effort level based on the expected outcomes, looking to maximize positively valued rewards. Contrary to the idea that there's no relationship between effort and performance, this theory emphasizes the connection as a motivational driver.
Step-by-step explanation:
Expectancy theory posits that people will choose the effort level that will lead to the maximum amount of positively valued outcomes. This motivation theory suggests individuals make choices based on their expectations of how well the expected results of a given behavior are going to lead to desired outcomes or rewards. In essence, it is the perceived relationship between performance and outcomes that drives motivation and effort. Expectancy theory, therefore, would contest both that workers will exert the strongest effort when E1 or E2 is weak, and the notion that people perceive no relationship between effort and performance.
An application of expectancy theory can be seen in workplace environments, where individuals anticipate rewards such as bonuses, promotions, or recognition in exchange for their achievements and applied effort. Conversely, those who have low self-efficacy may perceive the link between effort and performance as weaker, and thus may lack the motivation to exert high levels of effort.