Question

In ______, the unconditioned stimulus, acting as a sort of reward, is administered during every trial. In contrast, in ______ the reward results only when individuals choose the correct response.

a) Operant conditioning; vicarious learning.
b) Vicarious learning; classical conditioning.
c) Operant conditioning; classical conditioning.
d) Classical conditioning; operant conditioning.

Answer 1

The correct answer is d) Classical conditioning; operant conditioning, where classical conditioning pairs an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral one to elicit a response, while operant conditioning rewards a behavior only after the correct action is performed.

Step-by-step explanation:

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus, acting as a sort of reward, is administered during every trial. This process involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus, like food, with a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, which eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus eliciting the conditioned response (e.g., salivation).

In contrast, in operant conditioning, the reward results only when individuals choose the correct response. When an animal (or human) operates on their environment, a voluntary behavior is associated with its consequences. Positive and negative reinforcements or punishments modify the animal's behavior over time, such as when a dolphin learns to perform a trick in response to a reward.

Therefore, the correct answer to the question is d) Classical conditioning; operant conditioning.