Final answer:
The two opposing perspectives that influence the definition of deviance are conflict theory, which sees deviance as a result of social inequalities, and functionalist theory, which views deviance as a necessary part of societal functioning. Labeling theory views deviance as the result of societal labeling, while control theory attributes deviance to weakened social ties.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two opposing perspectives that influence the definition of deviance are conflict theory and functionalist theory. Conflict theory sees deviance as a result of social inequalities within the system, suggesting that crime and deviance arise from the struggle between those with power (the bourgeoisie) and those without (the proletariat). Functionalists, on the other hand, view deviance as a natural and necessary part of society, which can contribute to social stability by reinforcing norms and promoting social cohesion.
Within these broader paradigms, there are specific theories discussing deviance. For example, labeling theory within symbolic interactionism proposes that deviance is not inherent in an act, but rather is the result of the labels society attaches to it. A behavior becomes deviant when society labels it as such, and the individual may internalize this label and act accordingly. This contrasts with theories like control theory, which argues that deviance occurs when an individual's ties to society are weakened, leading to a decrease in social control, and potentially to deviant behavior.
These theories and perspectives provide a framework for understanding how different sociological views explain the origins of deviance and its impact on society, offering insights that can be useful in criminology and public policy.