The development of social classes in civilizations was influenced by various factors, primarily economic, political, and cultural, shaping distinct hierarchies. Governments played a crucial role in impacting and perpetuating these social divisions. Here's a breakdown based on the provided sources:
Mesopotamia:
Upper Class: Consisted of the king and his family, holding political power and wealth.
Middle Class: Comprised Sumerian soldiers and farmers, contributing to the economy and defense.
Lower Class: Predominantly slaves, fulfilling labor roles. [Source: Mesopotamia Social Classes Video]
Egypt:
Upper Class: Included the royal family, landowners, officials, priests, and skilled professionals like doctors, wielding political influence and wealth.
Middle Class: Embraced merchants, manufacturers, and artisans, contributing to trade and production.
Lower Class: Primarily unskilled laborers engaged in basic tasks.
Ancient China:
Literati: Consisted of the emperor, court members, and educated scholars, guiding governance and philosophy.
Peasants: Formed the largest populace, farming and supporting the agrarian economy.
Artisans: Produced necessary goods and crafts for daily life.
Eunuchs (Merchants): Acted as intermediaries in commerce, facilitating trade.
Rome:
Patricians: Held elite status, with significant political power.
Senators & Equestrians: Were part of the aristocracy, involved in governance and administration.
Plebeians: Constituted commoners, often with limited political influence initially.
Slaves & Freemen: Formed a distinct social class, with slaves lacking basic rights.
Soldiers: Contributed to defense and expansion efforts.
Women: Occupied a subordinate position, restricted in various aspects.
Governments wielded authority in reinforcing these classes by allocating privileges, setting laws, and influencing opportunities for social mobility. They often maintained the status quo, reflecting and perpetuating the power structures within these civilizations.