Final answer:
African American music is marked by the use of polyrhythm, call and response, and blues notes, making 'd. all of the above' the correct answer to the student's question.
Step-by-step explanation:
African American music is a rich tapestry that incorporates various elements that create its unique sound. The music is often distinguished by the use of polyrhythm, which involves many rhythms sounding simultaneously, adding tension and complexity to the music. Additionally, call and response is a hallmark of African American music, serving as a foundation for improvisation in genres like jazz and hip hop, where a leader may issue a musical phrase that is answered by other musicians or the audience.
An important aspect of African American music is the use of blues notes, which are tones bent into minor pitches, contributing to the expressive quality of genres like the blues, jazz, and gospel. This emotional expression through music has deep roots in the African American experience, from work songs and spirituals to modern performances.
Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is 'd. all of the above', as African American music is indeed characterized by polyrhythm, call and response, and blues notes.