Final answer:
Medicine ball throws are the most effective modality for developing strength and power in the transverse plane because they involve rotational movements that target the torso, unlike running, cycling, or weightlifting which focus more on the sagittal and frontal planes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The modality most likely to allow for strength and/or power development in the transverse plane is d. Medicine ball throws. The transverse plane involves rotational movements around the body, and medicine ball throws are exercises that involve twisting the torso, which can develop both strength and power in this plane of motion. In contrast, running and cycling are primarily sagittal plane activities, focusing on forward movement, while weightlifting can involve transverse plane movements, but it typically focuses on the sagittal and frontal planes with exercises like squats, deadlifts, and presses.
Medicine ball throws can be designed to target rotational force production, which is crucial in many sports that require turning or swinging movements, such as golf, baseball, and tennis. Therefore, by incorporating medicine ball throws into an exercise regimen, individuals are likely to see improvements in their ability to perform activities that necessitate strength and power in the transverse plane.