Final answer:
While the exact number of elephants killed in North Luangwa is not provided, the question elicits a discussion on elephant conservation methods. It compares two strategies: exclusionary national parks and community-inclusive conservation efforts like the Campfire program, which involves regulated hunting to deter poaching and maximize community benefits. Marketable permits in environmental policy aim for an optimal balance rather than zero pollution.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question you asked about the number of elephants killed in North Luangwa for meat and ivory poaching is not answerable with the information provided. However, your question about protecting elephants touches on important conservation strategies.The conservation of elephants in African countries can be approached in different ways. The first approach involves creating large national parks to provide habitat for elephants and excluding locals, which may lead to tensions with surrounding communities. The second approach incorporates local villages as part of the conservation effort by making them tourist centers, which align with the Campfire program designed to empower local communities in resource management, including regulated elephant hunting to discourage poaching and manage conflicts.
The idea behind the second approach and programs like Campfire is that by involving communities and giving them ownership and economic benefits from wildlife, they will have stronger incentives to protect these animals from poachers. There are arguments for and against regulated hunting, but the intention is to protect elephant populations from unchecked poaching, degradation of habitats, and the resulting conflicts with humans. We can observe from case studies that when local communities benefit directly from wildlife conservation, they are more likely to become stewards of these natural resources.
In the case of marketable permits for firms which is also part of your question, these permits are a part of environmental economics and are used to control pollution by providing economic incentives. While zero pollution might not be achievable, marketable permits aim to reduce pollution to a level where the environmental damage costs and control costs are balanced, which is considered an optimal goal for environmental policy.