Final answer:
Cause-and-effect diagrams are also known as fish-bone charts, which are used in quality management to visualize and analyze causes of a particular effect or problem.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cause-and-effect diagrams are a tool used to systematically visualize and analyze the potential causes of a specific problem or effect. The correct answer to the question is D. fish-bone charts. These diagrams are called fish-bone charts because their shape resembles the skeleton of a fish, with various bones branching off the spine, each bone representing a possible cause leading to the overall effect or problem at the head of the fish. This tool is commonly used in business, particularly in quality management and process improvement.
Other types of graphs mentioned, like the Pareto chart, line graph, and bar graph, serve different purposes. A Pareto chart is a bar graph where the bars represent frequencies of issues and are arranged from largest to smallest. A line graph depicts the relationship between two variables using a line within a chart, and a bar graph uses bars to show relationships or comparisons between different data points or categories.