Final answer:
Academic difficulties, avoiding problems, general apathy, and alcohol and substance abuse are outcomes of identity diffusion, which arises when adolescents fail to establish a clear sense of self during Erik Erikson's stage of developing identity versus experiencing role confusion.
Step-by-step explanation:
Academic difficulties, avoiding problems, general apathy, and alcohol and substance abuse are outcomes commonly associated with identity diffusion. Identity diffusion is one of the statuses described by James Marcia and is based on Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. In the context of Erikson's stages, an adolescent is facing the challenge of developing a strong identity and avoiding role confusion. During this period, adolescents are trying to answer questions like "Who am I?" and "What do I want to do with my life?" Those who do not actively seek to establish a clear identity or are pressured into adopting an identity too hastily may experience identity diffusion, leading to difficulty in making decisions, a weak sense of self, and a greater risk for engaging in risky behaviors like substance abuse.