Final answer:
Having been spanked as a child is not the primary predictor of violent behavior in adulthood; it is a contributing factor amongst many others, and research shows that spanking is correlated with increased aggression, but it is not the sole determinant.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement "Having been spanked as a child is the primary predictor of violent behavior in adulthood" is false. Research indicates that while there is a correlation between experiencing physical punishment such as spanking in childhood and later aggressive or antisocial behavior, it is not accurate to claim that it is the primary predictor of adult violence. Cultural, educational, and multiple other factors also play a significant role in predicting violent behavior. Studies suggest that spanking is not an effective form of punishment and may lead to increases in aggression, particularly in young children. However, it is one of many factors that may contribute to this kind of behavior in adulthood.