Final answer:
Semantic encoding, which processes meaning, was shown to provide the best memory recall for verbal information, as demonstrated in experiments by psychologists. Semantic encoding leads to deeper and more durable memory. The three functions of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Step-by-step explanation:
The study of memory and encoding in psychology often refers to the three levels at which information can be processed: visual, acoustic, and semantic. In studies conducted by psychologists such as Craik and Tulving, and earlier by William Bousfield, it was found that semantic encoding, which involves the processing of the meaning of words, leads to deeper memory and better recall. This is because memory is more durable when it is semantically encoded.
The experiment by Bousfield showed that when subjects were asked to memorize words that were semantically grouped but presented randomly, they tended to recall them according to their categories of meaning. This indicates a natural propensity to encode information based on meaning, which enhances recall. Therefore, semantic encoding would likely provide the best memory of verbal information.
Regarding the functions of memory, the correct answer is d. encoding, storage, and retrieval. These are the three primary functions that describe how memory works in terms of processing information, holding onto it over time, and being able to access it later.