Final answer:
The dual-route model of reading explains two pathways for reading: the lexical route for familiar words and the non-lexical route for decoding phonetically. Surface dyslexia affects the ability to recognize irregular words, while phonological dyslexia impairs phonetic decoding.
Step-by-step explanation:
The dual-route model of reading suggests that there are two distinct pathways for reading: one is the lexical route, which is used for recognizing familiar words as whole units or 'sight words,' and the other is the non-lexical or phonological route, which involves decoding the sounds of letters and constructing words phonetically. These routes explain different types of reading abilities and also different types of reading disorders, such as surface dyslexia and phonological dyslexia. Those with surface dyslexia struggle with irregular words that do not follow standard phonetic rules, whereas individuals with phonological dyslexia have a hard time decoding words based on their phonetic components, making it difficult for them to read unfamiliar words or pronounceable non-words.
A student who demonstrates difficulty in spelling words correctly, skips whole words while reading, or mixes up letters may be experiencing some form of dyslexia. Dyslexia can make learning to read an exceptionally frustrating experience. It is crucial to differentiate various forms of dyslexia to apply effective teaching strategies and interventions.