Final answer:
In classical conditioning, the response is elicited by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, as in Pavlov's experiments with dogs. In contrast, in operant conditioning, the response is emitted and then reinforced or punished to shape future behavior, like training a dog to sit with treats.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the field of psychology, classical and operant conditioning are two significant types of associative learning. The correct answer is c) Emitted; elicited. In classical conditioning, a natural response (the elicited response) is associated with a new stimulus after pairing it with a pre-existing stimulus. The most famous example is Pavlov's dogs, where the sight or smell of food (the unconditioned stimulus) naturally elicited salivation in the dogs. By repeatedly ringing a bell (the conditioned stimulus) when food was presented, the dogs learned to associate the bell with food and began to salivate at the sound alone, which is now the conditioned response.
On the other hand, in operant conditioning, an animal or human emits a behavior that is then reinforced or punished, shaping future behavior. This means that the behavior is not elicited by a prior stimulus in the same direct manner as in classical conditioning. Instead, the behavior is voluntarily emitted, and its frequency is increased or decreased depending on the consequences that follow. An example of operant conditioning is teaching a dog to sit by giving it a treat when it sits down, thus reinforcing the sitting behavior.