Final answer:
The belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops is best described by Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Approach.
Step-by-step explanation:
Virtue ethics takes a character-centered approach to morality, where right action is said to flow from right character. It emphasizes the cultivation of character and self-perfection. Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Approach, on the other hand, focuses on the stages of moral development and the way people learn what society considers right and wrong. Therefore, the approach that best describes the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops is Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Approach.