Final answer:
The Parthenon, a symbol of Classical Greek architecture, was designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates on the Acropolis of Athens and dedicated to the goddess Athena, featuring distinctive Doric and Ionic elements and hosting a statue by Pheidias.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Parthenon, a quintessential example of Classical Greek architecture, was designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and is situated on the Acropolis of Athens. Consecrated to the goddess Athena, the patron deity of Athens, its construction commenced in 447 BCE during the peak of the Athenian Empire. The Parthenon is constructed entirely of Pentalic marble, with the exception of parts of its foundation made from limestone. Inside, it originally housed a magnificent statue of Athena crafted from gold and ivory by the renowned sculptor Pheidias. The Parthenon is renowned for its architectural innovations, such as a peripteral design surrounded by columns and a mix of Doric and Ionic elements.
Within the greater context of the Acropolis, other significant structures include the Erechtheion known for its caryatid porch, the Propylaea serving as an entrance gateway, and the Temple of Athena Nike. Each building on the Acropolis holds its own historical and mythological significance, depicted through their varied sculptures, like the Centauromachy metopes on the Parthenon, that illustrate mythical battles important to Athenian cultural identity.