Final answer:
The correct answer is positive reinforcement (option d), which involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior. Giving dessert to a child when they eat their vegetables is an example of positive reinforcement. Examples of other types of reinforcement and punishment are also provided.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to this question is d) Positive reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement involves taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior. In this scenario, giving your child dessert when they eat their vegetables is an example of positive reinforcement because you are adding something pleasant (dessert) to increase the behavior of eating vegetables.
Examples of positive punishment, negative punishment, and negative reinforcement would be:
- Positive punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior. For example, if a child hits their sibling and their parent yells at them, the parent's yelling would be a form of positive punishment.
- Negative punishment: Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior. For example, if a teenager breaks curfew and their parent takes away their car privileges, the parent's action of taking away the car is a form of negative punishment.
- Negative reinforcement: Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior. For example, if a student studies hard to avoid getting a bad grade, and as a result, they no longer have to do extra chores, the removal of the extra chores is a form of negative reinforcement.