Final answer:
Homologous chromosomes consist of a pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, with the same genes in the same linear order but possibly different alleles.
Step-by-step explanation:
Homologous chromosomes refer to pairs of chromosomes that possess the same genes in the same linear order, but they may have different alleles for some of those genes. It's important to clarify that alleles are different versions of the same gene, providing variations in how the gene manifests - for example, in eye color or blood type. Every person has two sets of 23 chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, making a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell prior to cell division. Homologous chromosomes consist of one chromosome from the mother and one from the father.
During meiosis, specifically in prophase I, these homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis and then recombination or crossover, where segments of the chromosomes can exchange genetic material. This process ensures genetic diversity in gametes, which are haploid cells with only one set of 23 chromosomes.
The correct statement about homologous chromosomes is c) It refers to the matching maternal and paternal chromosomes. They are similar in structure and gene location but can carry different alleles of those genes.