Final answer:
The AFS trained in translating and analyzing foreign languages are 1N3 - Cryptologic Language Analyst and 1A8 - Airborne Cryptologic Linguist. The Army Beta was the historical test used for recruits not fluent in English.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Air Force Specialty (AFS) trained in translating and analyzing foreign languages is a) 1N3 - Cryptologic Language Analyst. This role involves the translation and analysis of foreign communication, and personnel in this specialty receive extensive training in a foreign language and the cryptologic aspect of their job. Another role involving language translation and analysis is d) 1A8 - Airborne Cryptologic Linguist, which operates on aircraft and specializes in the interception and real-time translation/analysis of foreign communications during flight operations.
Regarding the historical context of language and intelligence tests, the test designed for Army recruits who were not fluent in English was c) Army Beta. The Army Beta was a non-verbal, pictorial test used during World War I to assess recruits who were illiterate or had little familiarity with the English language. This test was designed to be an alternative to the Army Alpha, which was a standard written IQ test of the period.