Final answer:
Vertigo commonly occurs with inner-ear conditions and brainstem tumors, but not with diplopia (double vision). For example, vertigo in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is caused by calcium carbonate crystals stimulating hair cells in the semicircular canals inappropriately due to gravity.
Step-by-step explanation:
Vertigo is common with all of the following except C. Diplopia. Diplopia, or double vision, is a visual symptom that affects the way a person sees but does not directly cause vertigo, which is a sensation of spinning or dizziness often related to problems in the inner ear or brain. Conditions such as inner-ear disorders, brainstem tumors, and Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo can all lead to vertigo. For instance, in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, the migration of calcium carbonate crystals from the utricle to the semicircular canals stimulates the hair cells in the semicircular canals by gravity, which should not normally respond to this force. This inappropriate response causes the dizzy spells.
Ménière's disease is another condition related to vertigo. It involves the accumulation of fluid in the inner ear, affecting both balance and hearing. Dizziness in Ménière's disease is due to the disruption of the normal fluid balance in the vestibular system, which includes the semicircular canals and the vestibule responsible for sensing balance and spatial orientation.
An example of how balance can be affected by environmental factors is the reduced gravity experienced on the moon, which would likely impair vestibular sensation since it relies on gravity's effect on the crystals in the inner ear.