Final answer:
The Tuskegee syphilis study and Nazi war crimes violated human rights such as self-determination, protection from discomfort and harm, and privacy and dignity through exploitation and withholding of treatment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The horrific research studies, such as the Tuskegee syphilis study and Nazi war crimes, violated several human rights. The Tuskegee study involved the exploitation of African-American men in Alabama who were not informed of their syphilis diagnosis and were not treated, even after an effective treatment was available. This lack of informed consent and the withholding of treatment greatly violated the participants' rights. Similarly, Nazi war crimes during World War II involved extreme human rights violations through forced participation in harmful experiments without consent.
- Self-determination: The subjects in these studies were not allowed to make informed choices about their participation, violating their right to self-determination.
- Protection from discomfort and harm: Participants in these studies were not protected from harm, and in many cases, were deliberately left to suffer.
- Privacy and dignity: The subjects' privacy and dignity were not respected, as they were often deceived about their condition or the purpose of the study.