Final answer:
True learning occurs when a change in behavior, resulting from experience, becomes relatively permanent. Learning can be influenced through various methods such as observational learning and operant conditioning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question relates to the concept of learning and when true learning occurs. Learning can be defined as a change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience. From the options provided, option b, which states that 'True learning only occurs when changes in behavior become relatively permanent', aligns closest with the psychological understanding of learning. This is because learning reflects a change that is stable over time and persists long after the initial experience has occurred. Learned behavior, unlike innate behavior, is adaptable and can be modified through experience. For instance, through observational learning, a model or person can demonstrate a behavior that others can learn by watching. Other methods like operant conditioning involve a consequence after the behavior that influences the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring. Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by taking away an undesirable stimulus. Moreover, there are cognitive aspects of learning, such as when an animal associates a stimulus with a behavior not normally associated with it or when latent learning occurs without immediate demonstration. Overall, learning includes a range of behaviors and cognitive processes that result from interactive experiences with the environment.