Final answer:
The recovery of stored information is called retrieval. It includes processes such as recall, recognition, and relearning, allowing us to access memories from our long-term memory and bring them into conscious awareness.
The Correct option is; b. retrieval.
Step-by-step explanation:
The recovery of stored information is called retrieval. This is how we access information stored in our long-term memory and bring it back into our conscious awareness. When you take a test, for instance, you use retrieval to remember the information you studied.
There are different types of retrieval processes, such as recall, recognition, and relearning. Recall is when you access information without cues, recognition is when you identify information after encountering it again, and relearning is the process of learning information that you had previously learned.
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called construction; the process of bringing up old memories is called reconstruction. An example of recognition could be when you attend a high school reunion and can identify your classmates from yearbook photos, even if you can't directly recall their names without the visual aid.
Multiple-choice tests often rely on your ability to recognize the correct answer among the options given.
Key cognitive concepts related to memory include semantic encoding (the input of words and their meaning), and the semantic memory (a type of memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge).
Factors such as the self-reference effect, where information related to oneself is remembered more easily, can influence retrieval. Additionally, some conditions like retrograde amnesia can occur after brain trauma and affect one's ability to retrieve memories.