Final answer:
The carbon family, or crystallogens, includes elements that are paramagnetic if they have unpaired electrons and diamagnetic when electrons are paired. Manganese is an example of an element with both paramagnetic and diamagnetic states. Certain transition metals are exceptions and are diamagnetic regardless of unpaired electrons.
Step-by-step explanation:
The properties of the carbon family, also known as crystallogens, include their response to magnetic fields. Substances with electron configurations of unpaired electrons exhibit paramagnetic behavior, meaning they are attracted to magnetic fields. In contrast, substances with fully paired electrons are diamagnetic and demonstrate a slight repulsion to magnetic fields. An example of a paramagnetic substance is manganese, which can display both paramagnetic and diamagnetic properties depending on its oxidation state.
It is important to note some exceptions among transition metals, where elements like Sc³⁺, Ti4⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cu+ are considered diamagnetic due to all their d-electrons being paired, despite not typically fitting the rule for paramagnetism. As paramagnetic compounds come together, they can sometimes exhibit bulk magnetic properties like ferromagnetism due to metal atom clustering. However, ferromagnetism is a different magnetic phenomenon and is not covered under the scope of paramagnetism.