Final answer:
Qualities and characteristics of solving problems using facts relate to critical thinking and deductive reasoning, where general theories are applied to specific conclusions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The qualities and characteristics associated with solving problems using facts can be attributed to the use of critical thinking and specific types of logical reasoning. In science, primarily two types of logical reasoning are utilized, namely inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning uses related observations to arrive at general conclusions. This process is essential in the formation of scientific theories from vast amounts of data. On the other hand, deductive reasoning starts with a general principle or theory and applies it to predict specific results or resolve particular instances. Viewing the provided reference information, the form of reasoning that begins with a general theory and arrives at a specific conclusion after observing a body of information is deductive reasoning (Option A in Review Question 1). The use of facts in problem solving is an integral part of the scientific method, which includes the steps of making observations, defining the problem, generating hypotheses, conducting experiments to test these hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.