Final answer:
Chronic stress suppresses immune and inflammatory reactions and increases the risk of infections. This suppressed state known as immunosuppression harms the body's ability to fight off diseases, especially in older individuals and those already immune-compromised.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is c) Suppressing; increase. Research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology has shown that while short-term stress can enhance innate immune responses, chronic stress can lead to the suppression of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. In other words, chronic stress suppresses immune and inflammatory reactions, which may increase the risk of infections. This state of immunosuppression leads to a decreased effectiveness of the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to diseases.
Moreover, it is important to note that older individuals and those with suppressed immune responses due to disease or immunosuppressive drugs may be more vulnerable to infections when experiencing even short-term stressors.