Final answer:
In a database, the SQL elements commonly associated with the term (column, predicate) are columns and criteria.
Step-by-step explanation:
In a database, the SQL elements commonly associated with the term (column, predicate) are Option 2: Columns and criteria.
A column in a database table represents a specific attribute or data field, while a predicate is a condition or criteria used to filter or select specific rows.
For example, in a student database table, the 'age' column represents the age of each student, and the predicate 'age > 18' would return only the rows where the age is greater than 18.