Final answer:
Prejudice is an unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group, often leading to discrimination, which is negative action based on group membership. Examples include gender discrimination faced by Mary Whiton Calkins at Harvard. Addressing prejudice involves fostering positive inter-group relationships.
Step-by-step explanation:
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is defined as prejudice. This involves holding stereotypes or negative attitudes toward an out-group or individuals with differing viewpoints. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual solely based on one's membership in a particular social group, which often leads to discrimination. Discrimination is the negative action taken against individuals due to their group membership.
For example, gender discrimination was experienced by Mary Whiton Calkins, who, despite fulfilling all requirements for a PhD, was denied the degree by Harvard because she was a woman. This showcases the oppressive nature of discrimination resulting from prejudice.
Furthermore, prejudice can lead to various social dynamics such as scapegoating, where an out-group is unfairly blamed for problems experienced by an in-group. Addressing prejudice requires education, interaction, and building relationships with members of different cultural groups, thus fostering positive attitudes and reducing biases.