Final answer:
A karyogram primarily showcases a list of chromosome pairs, which helps in identifying genetic abnormalities such as chromosomal number variations and structural changes that can lead to disorders like Down Syndrome and Turner Syndrome or certain cancers.
Step-by-step explanation:
A karyogram showcases d. List of chromosome pairs, which includes the detection of any genetic abnormalities such as too many or too few chromosomes within a cell, as well as structural changes like translocations, deletions, or insertions within the chromosomes.
Common genetic disorders identifiable through a karyogram include Down Syndrome, characterized by a third copy of chromosome 21, and Turner Syndrome, noted by a single X chromosome in females instead of two. Nondisjunction events during meiosis, which increase in probability with parental age, can lead to these abnormalities in chromosome number. In addition, structural chromosomal abnormalities like translocations may contribute to various cancers, with an example being chronic myelogenous leukemia linked to a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.