Final answer:
Sampling bias, response bias, and observer bias are common types of bias that can show up when collecting data.
Step-by-step explanation:
When collecting data, there are several types of bias that can show up:
- Sampling bias: This occurs when a sample is not representative of the entire population, leading to incorrect conclusions. For example, conducting a survey only during noon lunchtime hours will exclude students who don't have a noon lunchtime.
- Response bias: Also known as social desirability bias, this happens when respondents give answers they think they should give, rather than their true feelings. An example is the Bradley effect, where some voters may hesitate to admit bias against minority candidates in polls.
- Observer bias: This bias occurs in observational research when observers unconsciously skew their observations to fit their own goals or expectations. Researchers can protect against this bias by establishing clear criteria for recording behaviors and comparing observations from multiple observers.