Final answer:
Stephen Decatur led the mission into Tripoli harbor to destroy the USS Philadelphia, which had been captured by enemies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The naval officer who led forces into Tripoli harbor and destroyed the captured US frigate USS Philadelphia was Stephen Decatur. This operation, undertaken during the First Barbary War, was notable for its boldness and precision, achieved under the command of Decatur. He and his crew boarded the captured Philadelphia and successfully set her ablaze to prevent her use by the enemy.