Final answer:
Adverse action refers to disciplinary action taken by an organization as a response to an employee's behavior or performance that is considered undesirable. Examples of adverse actions include written warnings, suspensions, demotions, and terminations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Adverse action refers to c) disciplinary action. It is a formal negative sanction taken by an organization as a response to an employee's behavior or performance that is considered undesirable or inappropriate. Examples of adverse actions include written warnings, suspensions, demotions, and terminations.