Final answer:
The type of polymorphism characterized by how cations are distributed within structural sites and have strong temperature dependence is called order-disorder polymorphism.
Step-by-step explanation:
Polymorphs differing by how cations are distributed within structural sites with strong temperature dependence are known as order-disorder polymorphism. This type of polymorphism occurs when there is a redistribution of cations among different sites within a crystalline structure as a function of temperature.
Such rearrangement increases entropy, consistent with the temperature dependence of solubility and other thermodynamic processes. Ionic crystals and their properties play a crucial role in this phenomenon, as ionic crystals often show a clear pattern of how cations fill the available spaces between anions in specific lattice structures, such as tetrahedral or octahedral holes, dictated by the size of the cations.