Final answer:
Organizations can achieve change by implementing effective communication and involving employees. Asch's study on conformity shows that a small group, an ally, and privacy help resist conformity. Informational social influence is more likely when the answer is unclear or the group has expertis. The correct option is A.
Step-by-step explanation:
Organizations can take several actions to achieve desired change outcomes. Effective strategies include implementing effective communication, which ensures that all employees understand the change and its implications, thereby easing the transition.
Moreover, it is beneficial to actively involve employees in the change process to garner their support and input, which can lead to better implementation and acceptance of change. Maintaining secrecy and encouraging resistance would counteract the change efforts and are not recommended.
Regarding Asch's study on conformity, the factors that contributed to the subjects' ability to resist conforming were d. All of the above: a very small group of witnesses, the presence of an ally, and the ability to keep one's answer private. These elements provided psychological support and autonomy to the subjects, allowing them to feel confident in resisting the pressure to conform.
Informational social influence occurs under specific conditions, such as when the answer is unclear (b), or when the group has expertise (c). In these circumstances, individuals are more likely to conform to a group's opinion as they seek accurate information or believe that the group's collective knowledge outweighs their own. Hence, the correct answer is A.