Final answer:
The suprarenal medulla (option d) , also known as the adrenal medulla, is the endocrine gland innervated by the sympathetic division of the nervous system and acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion, producing hormones for the fight-or-flight response.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Endocrine Gland Innervated by the Sympathetic Nervous System
The endocrine gland that is innervated by the sympathetic division of the nervous system and is a modified sympathetic ganglion is the suprarenal medulla (also known as the adrenal medulla). This gland produces hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine that are responsible for the fight-or-flight response. The adrenal medulla is directly stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, specifically by the preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
When the body is subjected to stress, the hypothalamus sends signals to the adrenal medulla via these fibers, prompting the gland to release its hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones then prepare the body to either fight the stressor or flee from it, causing an increase in heart rate, energy availability, blood pressure, and other physiological changes necessary for rapid action.