Final answer:
The correct option is a. Cloning vectors for creating transgenic organisms include plasmids, cosmids, and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs), with plasmids being the most commonly used due to their ability to replicate independently and carry foreign DNA.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question on cloning vectors used in creating transgenic organisms is (a) Plasmids, cosmids, YACs (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes). These are all tools used to carry foreign DNA into a host cell where it can be replicated. Cloning vectors are essential in molecular cloning and can be plasmids, viruses, or artificial chromosomes such as YACs.
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA. They are commonly used in laboratories to clone and amplify particular DNA sequences. When it comes to cloning large pieces of DNA, Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs) are used because they can accommodate much larger DNA fragments than typical plasmids can. The role of a plasmid in molecular cloning includes being a vector for inserting genes into bacteria. This ability to carry foreign DNA makes them invaluable in the field of recombinant DNA technology, allowing for the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).