Final answer:
The term describing discoloration due to increased melanin production from sun exposure or other factors is Hyperpigmentation. This condition leads to darkened areas of the skin and is more common in darker skin tones.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that is best described as discoloration from melanin production due to sun or other factors is A) Hyperpigmentation. This condition occurs when an excess of melanin, the brown pigment that produces normal skin color, forms deposits in the skin. Hyperpigmentation can result from overexposure to the sun, inflammation, or other skin injuries, including those related to acne vulgaris. People with darker skin tones are more prone to hyperpigmentation, particularly with excess sun exposure. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes and is transferred to keratinocytes in the epidermis to protect DNA from UV radiation damage.