Final answer:
The effect that is NOT associated with chromosomal translocation is altering the number of chromosomes through evolution. Translocation can lead to changes in gene expression, gene function disruption, and has been linked with conditions like cancer and schizophrenia, but it does not typically affect the overall chromosomal number in a species.
Step-by-step explanation:
Chromosomal translocation is not associated with altering the number of chromosomes found in species through evolution, which makes option 4 the correct response. The other effects listed are potential consequences of translocation.
A translocation event occurs when a chromosome segment dissociates from one chromosome and reattaches to another, nonhomologous chromosome.
This can lead to various outcomes: translocated genes may fall under different regulatory sequences, potentially altering their expression; translocation breaks can disrupt the function of genes at the breakpoint; and while translocations involving whole chromosome arms can lead to duplication or deletion of segments, these would be balanced in the case of reciprocal translocations since there is no gain or loss of genetic material.
Particularly, reciprocal translocations involve the exchange of segments without any genetic information gain or loss. These types of chromosomal abnormalities can result in physical and mental abnormalities if they disrupt critical genes or gene regulation. Furthermore, certain cancers, like chronic myelogenous leukemia, have been associated with specific translocation events, highlighting the medical importance of this genetic phenomenon.