Final answer:
In cancer, there are increases in acetylcholine, cortisol, and enzymatic activity associated with catecholamines, while levels of certain esterases and oxidases are lowered. The production of abnormal enzymes and proteins, as well as an increase in polyamines and mucins, also characterize cancer-related lipid metabolic abnormalities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cancer-related abnormalities in lipid metabolism can involve several changes. Elevated levels of certain substances such as acetylcholine, cortisol, histamine, and enzymes like plasma dopamine -ß-hydroxylase (DBH) are often found. Conversely, levels of acetylcholine esterase and catecholamine oxidase are decreased. Moreover, an aberrant LDH₁ isoenzyme formation is noted particularly in white blood cell malignancies. In the context of multiple myeloma, Bence Jones proteins are detected in the urine. Urinary polyamines, which play a crucial role in the proliferation of liver cells and interact with nucleic acids, are significantly increased. This contributes to enhanced synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins that are characteristic of cancer cells. Additionally, cancer cells can produce an excess of mucins, which hampers immune surveillance by masking surface antigens. Furthermore, cancers may also present metabolic syndromes such as hyperuricemia, prothrombotic states, and oxidative stress, which are not yet official components of metabolic syndromes yet often associated with it.
Pathologies like hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, or dyslipidemia are linked to abnormal lipid and lipoprotein levels, which is a characteristic of several metabolic disorders and cancer. Abnormal lipid digestion, like steatorrhoea, is another condition that might point toward malignant disease. The metabolism of cholesterol and triglycerides is integrated into glucose metabolism, and disruptions in their balance can result in pathological conditions broadly categorized within secondary hyperlipoproteinemias (HLP). These are often associated with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, and several others.