Final answer:
The Magna Carta of 1215 is the historical document that restricted the king's powers and articulated the rights of nobles, setting a precedent for the rule of law and establishing foundational legal safeguards like trial by jury and due process for nobles.
Step-by-step explanation:
The document that contains provisions that restricted the king's powers and outlines the nobles' rights is known as the Magna Carta of 1215. This crucial charter asserted the principle of limited government by curbing the absolute power of the king and establishing legal protections for the nobles of England, such as the guarantee of trial by jury and due process. Over time, the Magna Carta's influence extended beyond the immediate rights of nobles, contributing to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and forming a precedent for the rule of law and individual liberties in Western legal systems.